Pyramid Of Giza

The Great Pyramid of Giza also known as the  Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering present-day El Giza,Egypt.It is the oldest of the seven wonders of the Ancient World,and the only one to remain largely intact.

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Some Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was thus built as a tomb over a 10-to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC.Initially standing at 146.5 metres(481 feet),The Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years untill Lincoln Cathedral in 1311 AD.Originally,The Great Pyramid was covered by limestone casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface;what is seen today is the underlying core structure.

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The interior of the pyramid consist of Queen's chamber,the Grand Gallery,the Big Void,the King's Chamber and the Modern Entrance.The Queen's Chamber is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres north to south ,5.23 metres east to west,and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres above the floor.At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 nmetres high and the original depth of the  niche was 1.04 metres but has since been deepened by treasure hunters.

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Next is the Grand Gallery.It continuous the slope of the ascending passage ,but is 8.6 metres(28ft) high and 46.64 metres(153.1 ft)  long . At the base it is 2.06 metres (6.8 ft) wide, but after 2.29 metres (7.5 ft) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres (3.0 in) on each side. There are seven of these steps, so, at the top, the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres (3.4 ft) wide. It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery, so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet. The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery, rather than resting on the block beneath it, in order to prevent cumulative pressure.

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In 2017, scientists from the ScanPyramids project discovered a large cavity above the Grand Gallery using muon radiography, which they called the "ScanPyramids Big Void". Its length is at least 30 metres (98 ft) and its cross-section is similar to that of the Grand Gallery. Its existence was confirmed by independent detection with three different technologies: nuclear emulsion films, scintillator hodoscopes, and gas detectors.The King's Chamber is 20 Egyptian Royal cubits or 10.47 metres (34.4 ft) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres (17.17 ft) north to south. It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres (19 feet 2 inch) above the floor. 0.91 m (3.0 ft) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls (one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid). The purpose of these shafts is not clear: they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies, yet one of them follows a dog-leg course through the masonry, indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them. They were long believed by Egyptologists to be "air shafts" for ventilation, but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king's spirit to the heavens.

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And lastly,the Modern Entrance.Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers' Tunnel, a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al-Ma'mun's workmen using a battering ram.^[44][45] The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres (89 ft), then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage. It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage, which alerted them to the need to turn left. Unable to remove these stones, however, the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage. It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point, but access is usually forbidden

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